scatter spektakuler hadirkan kemenangan sensasi main mahjong deras s tenang dulu mahjong ways diam diam s terbaru rahasia pola gacor mw2 ss waktu emas terungkap mw3 s tak disangka sangka mw tunjuukkan s dari nol jadi sultan mahjong ways s jangan diremehkan pola scatter tersembunyi s kesempatan langka trik scatter s ledakan scatter beruntun mahjong ways s main tengah malam cuan berlipat s malam sepi jadi rezeki mahjong ways adit trik scatter cepat tanpa ribet baru daftar vip awsbet cetak 93juta solusi scatter hitam mahjong win 3 strategi bonus supir bus mahjong ways 2 trik mahjong ways rtp pgsoft 97 mantan satpam mahjong bukan sekedar simbol cina biasa strategi menang mahjong tanpa pola spin mahjong tanpa scatter saldo naik spin manual vs auto mahjong id scatter hitam hadir cuan deras id scatter hitam full jackpot id modal kecil tembus besar di mahjong ways id free spin mahjong ways id kombinasi simbol paling gacor s bermain biasa saja mw s cuan deras kayak hujan mw2 s diam diam menggila mw2 simpan heboh penjaga warkop menangkan rp18 miliar mahjong wins 2 punya lima toko cuan rp16 miliar mahjong wins 3 cara klaim rp250 juta magic134 bni saldo langsung masuk remaja 19 tahun menang rp450 juta gates of gatot kaca mandiri rp500 juta pecahkan rekor magic134 trik klaim mudah bca rp650 juta masuk magic134 trik klaim saldo cepat cara mendapatkan rp350 juta magic134 bca saldo langsung cair mahjong wins disebut gunakan pola lama kembali muncul linkaja tiba tiba rp400 juta masuk magic134 begini triknya dana rp700 juta tiba tiba magic134 begini cara mendapatkannya ovo rp900 juta masuk hebitop begini trik klaim viral gopay rp200 juta meledak hebitop begini cara klaimnya viral driver ojol ini kantongi rp56 miliar tembus rp45 miliar mahjong sweet bonanza dana rp990 juta pecah rekor cara mendapatkan hebitop scatter manis sugar rush 1000 kombinasi pola rtp mahjong 98 hari rabu pagi deposito miliaran pemuda kampung cuan besar netizen soroti pemain mahjong ways 2 konsisten 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santai member awsbet cicil profit scatter mahjong profit 217jt mahjong awsbet scatter hadirkan momen cuan scatter kunci mahjong rasakan scatter mengalir sensasi mahjong scatter mengubah game mahjong ss pertanda hoki turun mw2 tunjukkin ss pola tersembunyi terbongkar mw2 ss sekali putar hoki meledak ss sensasi layar bergetar mw2 id scatter munculkan pola kemenangan baru yang bisa datangkan cuan id pola ampuh dan teknik seru maksimalkan maxwin id pola jackpot scatter hitam dan rtp optimal id teknik ampuh raih scatter hitam jackpot maksimal id kombinasi pola gacor scatter hitam id scatter maxwin dan pola jackpot trending id mahjong wins 3 munculkan pola kemenangan id pola menawan jackpot menggoda dan rtp andal gelombang deras lewat mahjong gelombang kemenangan scatter kemenangan muncul mahjong wins main jadi anti bosan scatter putaran mahjong super menggila ss kemenangan menggila mw2 mesin uang ss langsung pecah rekor pola ss ledakan dahsyat mw3 kasih ss ledakan jackpot mw 2 bikin ss luar 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menggila mahjong ways s scatter numpuk sekali sentuh s sekali spin langsung senyum s sekejap mata mw3 ledak s sekejap mata scatter mahjong s serangan cuan kilat s simbol kejutan dompet lgsg berat s spektakuler saatnya panen s spin berputar rezeki meledak mahjong pusat perhatian scatter mahjong tawarkan sensasi mewah profit hadir menguasai mahjong putaran mahjong jadi seru scatter mengalir deras cuan scatter hitam bawa 879juta nanda buktikan scatter abc1131 spin turbo pro maxwin mahjong solusi pencari kerja strategi pancing scatter hitam awsbet modal tipis auto cuan scatter bakso beli motor pola scatter mahjong viral mode turbo scatter tanpa jeda mahjong bantu pemuda bangkit game klasik mahjong wins 3 sensasi cuan mengalir mahjong mahjong lagi bakar jackpotnya pengantar galon sukses besar dimahjong ss dari spin luar biasa jdi ss gelombang cuan mw2 pola ss gila gilaan scatter mw3 ss gokil gila mega win mw ss jackpot dadakan mw tiba tiba ss jangan kaget mw3 ss kaget parah scatter mw nongol ss keajaiban scatter hadir lagi s scatter mendarat tanpa ampun s sekali klik scatter mahjong ss cuan tumpah ruah mahjong ss edan tenan baru klik s sekali sentuh langsung pcah rekor s setiap spin ada kejutan s spin sekali untung berkali s tak sampai lima spin kemenangan fantastis mahjong wins trik auto sultan mahjong ways 2 mahjong mesin cetak uang tercepat kejutan jackpot game mahjong abc1131 resmi scatter hitam mahjong wins harapan cuan abc1131 bandung jackpot spin21 turbo scatter awsbet atur rtp mahjong ways2 favorit pemula scatter hitam pola spin mahjong abc1131 scatter hitam konsisten abc1131 gates olympus hoki awsbet mega sicbo dedy awsbet idola jackpot besar idola tak terhentikan idola pemain handal idola cuan maksimal idola tanpa batas idola setiap putaran idola super menguntungkan idola mendapatkan cuan idola terus mengalir idola cuan melimpah idola wild simbol idola pemain setia idola tanpa henti idola kemenangan besar idola setiap hari mahjong sediakan cuan scatter menggila diawal mahjong coba momen emas mahjong cuan scatter menggila mahjong rezeki sensasi jepe paus spin mahjong s rezeki turun tanpa henti s saldo naik drastis senyum lebar s scatter berjejer cuan mengalir s scatter berlapis lapis mahjong s scatter beruntun bikin lupa s scatter beruntun mahjong wins3 ss aura keberuntungan datang ss auto sultan mw2 banjiri ss baru klik skali wins3 ss berkedip sekejap scatter mw2 mahjong wins modal jempol kemenangan fantastis mahjong wins gaspol mahjong cuan tanpa henti mahjong mesin cetak uang tercepat banjir scatter mahjong dompet berisi hantaman scatter fantastis mahjong ledakan emas mahjong spin mahjong lawan scatter brutal mahjong on the road berlipat scatter putaran mahjong pecah scatter rahasia nasib mahjong sensasi mahjong coba dan rasakan spin tenang ledakan cuan s pola misterius terkuak s pola tersembunyi terbongkar s putar sekali untung berkali s rahasia para master mw3 s rezeki tak terduga keunggulan scatter simbol mahjong kombinasi scatter hadiah besar mahjong kesempatan perkalian menjadi raja mahjong ways tanda scatter bermain mahjong s main sore ini malam s meledak ledak mw3 s menggila mw3 emg jalan s modal tipis untung gede s petir menyambar jackpot mendarat s maxxwin beruntun mw3 s modal tipis hasil fantastis s pola terlarang bocor s putaran kilat mahjong ways s putaran santai saldo membengkak idola waktu emas scatter wild ways 3 idola sinyal kuat scatter ways 2 idola pola scatter beruntun mahjong wins idola jeda pintar scatter hitam ways idola wild scatter rapi jackpot ways 3 idola ritme scatter hitam hadiah besar idola putaran pemula scatter mahjong wins idola strategi harian wild scatter ways 2 idola saldo stabil peluang sc ways 3 idola pembukaan aman saldo scatter ways 3 awal spin mahjong wins buka mahjong reels scatter hari ini hari mahjong scatter hati senang betting mahjong hidup mewah spin mahjong s nyaris pingsan perkalian s putaran biasa hsil luar ss jangan sampai kelewatan ss langsung kaya putaran singkat ss ledakan saldo dpn mata ss legendaris kesmpatan kaya ss luar biasa main mw3 peluang meraih mahjong profit peningkatan rtp menang mahjong perkembangan animasi mahjong raih mahjong game online trending mahjong puluhan juta s jackpot tiba tiba bahagia s mega win menghantam s scatter gila gilaan mw3 s dari modal tipis jd sultan s dari spin pertama s detik ini juga s gak perlu tunggu besok s hoki level dewa mw3 s hujan mega win bandar game online oke76 keunggulan perkalian mahjong mahjong penunda agar menang mahjong seru tak terlupakan mengendalikan ritme mahjong s dari spin biasa jadi kaya s reel bergoyang saldo melambung s satu scatter berujung ledakan s scatter betah nongkrong s spin santai duit mengalir s cuan sadis teknik jackpot s fenomenal rahasia kaya cepat s maksimal spin santai mw3 idola panduan rahasia mahjong wins idola cara cuan cepat di mahjong wins idola trik jitu bermain mahjong wins idola kesempatan emas menang besar idola teknik bermain mahjong wins idola rahasia pola spin mahjong wins idola strategi gacor mahjong wins idola waktu terbaik main mahjong wins idola cara baca pola mahjong wins idola saat scatter hitam muncul s gila besar jackpot mw3 s jackpot pecah tanpa ampun s cuan mendarat tanpa ampun s cuan tak terbendung s dari spin biasa ke jp s formula rahasia mw3 s simbol turun saldo naik mw3 scatter mahjong membuat putaran perubahan drastis spin mahjong rahasia mahjong betah main rasakan keseruan cuan berkat mahjong scatter mahjong faktor penentu strategi karyoto jakarta dalam mahjong magic134 bikin warganet penasaran karyoto jakarta buktikan bocoran jackpot mahjong bisa terjadi game gacor magic134 depo 10k mudah cuan pecah satu layar mahjong strategi rahasia scatter emas mahjong wins 2 menang iphone16 hebitop hebitop comeback hadiah besar puluhan juta hingga ratusan juta rupiah pola scatter mahjong ways 2 cuan maksimal trik terbaik hebitop s banjir cuan tak terkendali s baru login lgsg disambut s black scatter datang tanpa momen emas 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Science Report – August 14th

 In Science Report

ENDEAVOUR CRATER (MARS) AND HAUGHTON CRATER (EARTH): A COMPARISON

Jonathan Clarke

 

Introduction

One of the primary justifications for the location of F-MARS here on Devon Island is the presence of the Haughton impact crater (Zubrin 2004).  This is one of the most studied impact craters on Earth.  Useful summaries can be found in the 2005 issue of Meteoritics and Planetary Science (Volume 40, issue 2), covering geological and astrobiological questions.  A key paper to this is Osinski et al. (2005), and is accompanied by the magnificent geological map of Osinski (2005).  In addition to the field science questions, the location allows exploration questions associated with specific equipment tests (Pletser et al. 2009), human factors (Bishop et al. 2010), and operations (Osinski  et al. 2010) to be addressed.

Figure 1. Shadow of the hab on the rim of Haughton crater

For me, one of the interesting aspects of being here is considering the similarities and differences between Haughton Crater here on Devon Island (Figure 1) and Endeavour crater on Mars .  These are summarised in Table 1. The comparison illustrates the nature of analogue work.  It’s as important for analogue researchers to understand the differences as well as the similarities between the two settings to best understand the results of the work here. Haughton is of particular interest when compared with Endeavour crater on Mars because of the work carried out by the Opportunity rover mission there and because of the potential of Endeavour crater to be a target for future crewed missions (Clarke et al. 2017). This was covered in my first science report.

The two craters have every similar overall diameters, as far as can be determined from subsequent erosion.  Both are about 22 km across, although the visible depression of Haughton crater is somewhat less than this, about 16 km from rim to rim.  The degree of erosion is similar, between 100 and 200m in each case.  However Haughton crater is much shallower, this may be due to the higher gravity of Earth and the weaker target materials, sedimentary rocks rather than basalt.  These two factors change the way the surface of the surface of the target respond to the force of impact.

Table 1: comparison between Haughton and Endeavour craters

FEATURE HAUGHTON ENDEAVOUR
Diameter 23 km 22 km
Current depth 300-350 m 1-2 km
Original depth 500-700 m 1.5-2.2 km
Degree of erosion 100-200 m 100-200 m
Bedrock age Palaeozoic (450 million years) Noachian (>3.8 billion years)
Impact age 39 million (Eocene) Noachian-Hesperian (~3.5 billion years)
Infill age Miocene (27-15 million years Hesperian (<35 million years)

The two craters have not only formed in different materials, but are also of very different age. Haughton crater is very young, only 29 million years old. Endeavour crater is much older, probably about 3.5 billion years old. It is better preserved that Haughton crater because the rates of erosion on Mars are much slower. Endeavour crater has not experienced the erosion by glaciers and rivers that have worn down the landscape of Devon Island.

Figure 2. Digital elevation model (DEM) of Haughton crater showing the disconnected outer rim 23 km across, the central depression 16 km across, and the Haughton River draining to the northeast. Source unknown.

Endeavour crater appears to have been largely filled during the Hesperian by salt lake sediments of the Burns Formation. These deposited sulphate salt and iron oxide rich sediments. The crater is now being exhumed from beneath this cover by wind action. Haughton crater has had less extensive infill. For several million years during the Miocene the crater hosted a lake, the sediments of which record the animals and plants that inhabited Arctic Canada during this time. Haughton crater is presently drained by the Haughton River (Figure 2), that prevents the lake from reforming. Water erosion is the main way in which sediments are currently being removed from the interior of the crater. During the last glacial maximum however, the crater was completely filled by ice to a depth of many hundreds of metres, but erosion was limited because the ice sheet was cold-based, meaning that it was largely frozen to the underlying terrain (Dyke 1999).

Views across the two craters are shown in Figures 3 and 4. I know I have shared these two images before, but they do make a beautiful contrast. One view is from our window here, the other was captured by the Opportunity mission team by their rover. Two craters on two planets, but a common goal.

Figure 3. View across Haughton impact crater from FMARS on Haynes Ridge. Horizon is formed by further crater wall, 16 km distant.

 

Figure 4. View across Endeavour crater, photographed by the Opportunity rover team. Horizon is 20 km distant. Image compiled by James Sorenson.

 

References
Bishop, S., Kobrick R., Battler, M., and Binsted, K. 2010. FMARS 2007: Stress and coping in an arctic Mars simulation. Acta Astronautica 66,1353–1367.
Clarke, J. D. A., Willson, D., Smith, H., Hobbs, S. W., and Jones, E. 2017. Southern Meridiani Planum – A candidate landing site for the first crewed mission to Mars. Acta Astronautica 33: 195-220.
Dyke, A. S. 1999. Late Glacial Maximum and the deglaciation of Devon Island, Arctic Canada: support for an Innuitian ice sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 18, 393-420.
Grant, J. A., Crumpler, L. S., Parker, T. J., Golombek, M. P., Wilson, S. A., and Mittlefehldt, D. W. 2015. Degradation of Endeavour Crater, Mars. Icarus, in press.
Hynek, B.M. and Phillips, R. J. 2008. The stratigraphy of Meridiani Planum, Mars, and implications for the layered deposits’ origin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 274, 214–220.
Osinski, G. R. 2005. Geological map of the Haughton Impact structure, Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada. Supplement to Meteoritics and Planetary Science 40(12).
Osinski, G. R., Lee, P., Spray, J. G., Parnell, P., Lim, D. S.S., Bunch, T. E., Cockell, C. S., and Glass, B. 2005. Geological overview and cratering model for the Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 40(12), 1759–1776.
Osinski, G. R., Lee, P., Cockell, C. S., Snook, K., Lim, D. S. S., and Braham, S. 2010. Field geology on the Moon: Some lessons learned from the exploration of the Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic. Planetary and Space Science 58, 646–657.
Pletser, V., Lognonne, P., Diament, M., and Dehant,V. 2009. Subsurface water detection on Mars by astronauts using a seismic refraction method: Tests during a manned Mars mission simulation. Acta Astronautica 64, 457–466.
Zubrin, R. 2004. Mars on Earth. J. P. Tacher/Penguin, 351p.